There are some basic characteristics typical of my art but the three most commons are reflections, transparencies and the depiction of fabric folding and turning throughout the canvas. Achieving these characteristics requires subtle changes in values. It necessitates allowing the light to penetrate the colors and reflect back to the viewer just as it happens in nature. Glazing or sometimes known as layering is the technique I use to achieve the desired results.
What is glazing? Glazing is an old technique, as old as oil painting. Leonardo Da Vinci used this technique extensively and when you see one of his portraits, you can appreciate the luminosity and smooth value transitions.
The first key to glazing is to know your paints. Each paint has a different degree of transparency. In other words, some paints are see through and some are totally opaque because they block the light. Think of paints as different types of fabric. Sheers are transparent while a fleece type of material is opaque. Many fabrics fall in between the two and they are semi-transparent or semi-opaque. Now, think about putting very transparent sheers one after the other in such a way that allows your eyes to penetrate the layering. You will be changing the colors, softening the edges and adding a glimmering impossible to achieve with an opaque material.
It is not hard to learn the transparency of each paint. It is actually written on the outside of your paint tube. The letters are usually very small but you will be able to find the word transparent in the paint tubes of a Phthalo, a Quinacridone, an Ultramarine or some of the Sienna colors.
The word opaque is written in many paint tubes and an opaque paint will hide whatever is underneath; therefore, the “sheer” effect will be blocked or at least minimized. For example, a Titanium White or a Cadmium color as a top layer will cover whatever is underneath. Keep in mind that mixing a transparent color with an opaque on your palette will also change the degree of transparency and block the light.
Once you know the transparency of your paints, the second key is to use the colors without mixing them with other colors on your palette. A beautiful glaze is achieved by using the color directly from your paint tube without compromising it and without mixing it. Just add linseed oil or a glazing medium, make sure the paint on your canvas has dried and then apply a new layer to start transforming your art.
The layers are very thin applications of paint one over the other. If successive layers of the same transparent paint are applied one on top of the other, that area will become darker and thus achieving folds if painting a fabric. If a transparent color is layered on top of a different color it will transform the base color allowing you to create smooth transitions, unique luminosity or perfect shadows. For example, an Ultramarine Blue on top of a red will create a violet or a perfect shadow for a red object located outdoors. If painting a precious stone, glazing will help to shape and add darks to the jewel without sacrificing its luminosity and transparency.
Glazing seems easy enough but where is the catch? Glazing requires time and patience when painting. Each layer must be dried before the next layer is placed on top. Glazing also requires planning since errors can be easily seen underneath transparent layers. And finally, glazing requires not only the knowledge of your paints but it also requires to follow the rule of Fat over Lean. In order to avoid cracking, one must start with lean layers and slowly increase the oil content in top layers.
Glazing can give you wonderful effects of luminosity that can not be achieved with colors mixed on your palette or with wet on wet techniques; however, there is no reason not to use the two techniques in the same painting. A glazing can be applied to a dried impressionistic painting. An Ultramarine Blue glaze can push back an area of an impressionistic landscape creating distance. Glazing can be used for a portrait while the background can be done with a wet on wet technique. William Bouguereau, one of the last great masters of the glazing technique, used glazing to achieve incredible skin tones but he used faster and more direct painting techniques in other areas of his paintings.
Mixing techniques could even be an advantage that will help to draw the eyes of the viewer to the glazing areas.
In essence, glazing brings wonderful effects to a painting by harmonizing the work, by achieving subtle hues, by softening edges, by creating distance, by simplifying shadows and by adding a luminosity by the imperceptible penetration of light through the transparent colors.